4.93/5 from 72 verified reviews
eudopa
Daily brain health capsules

eudopa is a caffeine-free daily supplement specifically designed to support brain health and cognitive performance. Its three clinically studied ingredients were selected to support different processes involved in how brain cells function and communicate.

Helps support brain health & cognitive performance
Supports the brain processes involved in focus, memory, learning & more
Caffeine-free

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60DAY

Try it risk-free for 60 days. Not in love? Get a full refund — no questions asked, and no need to send the bottle back.

What’s inside

Three clinically studied ingredients. Citicoline · 500 mg A naturally occurring compound involved in producing phospholipids, the structural components of brain-cell membranes. It helps supply the materials brain cells use to build and maintain their membranes, and provides choline for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in attention, learning and memory. Wild blueberry extract · 250 mg A 10:1 concentrate standardized to 9% anthocyanins, the polyphenol pigments studied for their role in cognitive health. It helps support the environment brain cells need to function and communicate, including vascular function and the brain’s natural defenses against oxidative stress. Phosphatidylserine · 100 mg A specialized phospholipid found naturally in brain-cell membranes. It helps support the membrane environment where brain cells send and respond to signals. Derived from soy lecithin. Contains soy.
Plus the vegan capsule, and nothing else. No proprietary blends, no caffeine.

How to use

1.Take two capsules daily, with or without food.2.Aim for the morning or early afternoon.3.Take daily, or as directed by your health-care practitioner.One bottle of 120 capsules is a full 60-day supply.Bonus tip eudopa is non-stimulant and contains no caffeine. Some of our customers like to take their two capsules 30 to 60 minutes before a block of focused work, alongside their coffee, for an added boost.

Who’s it for

Men, women, and adults over 18 who are not currently pregnant or breastfeeding. eudopa suits a wide range of diets and lifestyles: it is vegan, caffeine-free and non-stimulant, with no proprietary blends. The phosphatidylserine is derived from soy.

Those who find it especially useful:•Students and working professionals: those who demand a lot from their brain through long days of studying, work and decision-making, and want daily support for cognitive health and brain function.•Health-conscious adults: those who want to look after their brain the same way they already look after their heart, as one simple habit they can keep for the decades ahead.Do not use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Consult a health care practitioner prior to use if you are taking blood thinners. Ask a health care practitioner before use if you are taking dopaminergic or cholinergic drugs. If you are suffering from hypertonia of the parasympathetic nervous system, consult a health care practitioner prior to use. Occasional restlessness and excitability, digestive intolerance, and headache have been known to occur.

Shipping & guarantee

Shipping is $5.99 flat across Canada, and free on every subscription delivery. Subscriptions can be paused or cancelled anytime from your online account.
Try it risk-free: the 60-day money-back guarantee gives you a full refund to your original payment method, and there is no need to send the bottle back.

Designed for the most important part of you. Your brain.

eudopa bottle on a deck rail

“I find it helps with memory and I appreciate the simple ingredients, without additives.”

Judith M. · Verified buyer

“Fantastic, feel focused, calm and energized.”

Jarrod L. · Verified buyer

“I feel energetic and a mental clarity that helps with my work.”

Brodie C. · Verified buyer

“Really like the product. Has made me feel clearer mentally, thus far. Highly recommend.”

Dallas E. · Verified buyer

Brain health is for everyone.

Supports brain health Supports cognitive performance Source of antioxidants Caffeine-free Third-party tested Made in CanadaSupports brain health Supports cognitive performance Source of antioxidants Caffeine-free Third-party tested Made in Canada

Your brain has many different abilities. But they all have something in common.

Focus. Memory. Learning. Problem-solving. Self-control.

These are just a few of the many cognitive abilities your brain gives you. They may do very different things, but underneath, they all depend on the same foundation: networks of brain cells functioning and communicating together.

One brain cell sending a signal across a gap to another brain cell
1

Brain cells function and communicate

Brain cells send and receive signals from one another. This communication allows information to move between cells throughout the brain, and it depends on each cell doing its own job well.

Many brain cells connected together into networks inside a brain
2

Those cells form networks

Brain cells work together in connected networks, with different networks supporting different cognitive functions.

A network of brain cells linked to the abilities it makes possible: focus, memory, learning, problem-solving and self-control
3

Those networks make cognitive abilities possible

The coordinated activity of these networks gives rise to abilities like focus, memory, learning, problem-solving and self-control.

That’s the foundation eudopa was designed around.

Instead of designing eudopa around one cognitive ability like memory or focus, its three ingredients were selected to support different processes involved in brain-cell function and communication that many cognitive abilities depend on.

3 clinically studied ingredients. No proprietary blends.

Citicoline powder dissolving in water
Studied for

Focus + Attention1. Staying engaged and mentally on task.

Memory2. Learning, retention, and recall.

Brain Energy Metabolism3. Supporting pathways involved in the brain’s energy demands.

Citicoline500 mg

Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound involved in the production of phosphatidylcholine, a key phospholipid in brain-cell membranes.5,6 Taken orally, it provides choline and uridine-related precursors involved in normal phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine metabolism.4 In eudopa, it was selected to support the processes brain cells use to maintain their membranes, cellular energy metabolism,3 and the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in attention, learning, and memory. Citicoline has been studied across several cognitive domains, including attention, memory, working memory, processing speed, and executive function.7

Wild blueberries
Studied for

Memory16–19. Recall and memory performance.

Cognitive Performance18–21. Performance across selected memory and executive-function tasks.

Vascular Function16,19,21,22. Blood-flow and endothelial-function measures.

Wild blueberry extract250 mg

Wild blueberry extract provides anthocyanins and other polyphenols, plant compounds studied for antioxidant and vascular activity. In eudopa, it was selected as an anthocyanin-rich botanical to complement the formula’s membrane and metabolic ingredients. Wild blueberry preparations have also been studied for memory, selected cognitive outcomes, and vascular function. eudopa provides 250 mg of a 10:1 extract standardized to 9% anthocyanins, supplying 22.5 mg per daily serving.

Phosphatidylserine source material
Studied for

Memory8,9. Recall and memory performance.

Mental Performance Under Stress10. Cognitive performance during demanding mental tasks.

Stress Response11–14. Psychological and hormonal responses to acute stress.

Phosphatidylserine100 mg

Phosphatidylserine is a specialized phospholipid naturally present in cell membranes, including neuronal membranes.15 In eudopa, it was selected for its role in the membrane environment where receptors, enzymes, and other signaling proteins operate. Supplemental phosphatidylserine has also been studied for memory and for cognitive, psychological, and hormonal responses during mental stress.

At NeuroVesa, the brain is our only focus.

We don’t make protein powders, beauty supplements, or joint formulas. We specialize in the brain, and only the brain.

That focus allows us to go deeper into the science, be more selective about what we formulate, and hold every product we create to a higher standard.

eudopa is the first product we built around that philosophy.

4.93 (72) — verified reviews

“I have only been taking this supplement for two weeks - no side effects and better able to focus.”

Wendy D.Verified buyer

eudopa bottle with two capsules on the cap

“Great product. Mental clarity and energy was astounding. Would absolutely recommend this product.”

DylanVerified buyer

eudopa bottle held poolside

“I’ve been using eudopa for about two years- I’ve seen a great increase in focus, memory and mood.”

Christine S.Verified buyer

Marc Morris, PhD

“I’ve found eudopa helps me feel noticeably more focused without relying on stimulants for short-term energy. What interested me about the formula is that its ingredients support processes involved in brain-cell function and communication, which are important to many aspects of cognitive performance.”

Marc Morris, PhD

PhD in Human Nutrition

NeuroVesa brand partner

Every batch of eudopa is independently tested for quality, purity, and identity.

Every batch is tested two ways: the finished product is screened for contaminants, and an independent laboratory verifies the active ingredients are exactly what the label says. We publish both reports in full below.

The best investment you can make is in your brain.

A bottle of eudopa on a bench outdoors with two capsules resting on the cap

Brain health for

AGE18
AGE120
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Frequently asked questions.

What makes eudopa different from other brain supplements?

eudopa is the only brain supplement that combines citicoline, phosphatidylserine, and wild blueberry extract. Each ingredient was selected to support a different process involved in how brain cells function and communicate.

Essentially all cognitive abilities, from focus and memory to learning, problem-solving, and creativity, depend on brain cells working together. Instead of focusing on one ability alone, eudopa was designed to support the foundation they all share.

How long does it take to notice benefits?

The research behind eudopa’s ingredients reflects outcomes measured with consistent daily use. eudopa is designed to work gradually over time, not produce overnight changes. Taking it consistently each day, ideally around the same time, is the most reliable way to experience its full benefits.

That said, some people may begin noticing changes within 1–2 weeks of consistent use, with more noticeable effects potentially developing over 4–6 weeks. Results vary from person to person.

How and when should I take eudopa?

Adults should take two capsules daily, preferably in the morning. eudopa can be taken with or without food, although taking it with a meal may be more comfortable if you have a sensitive stomach.

You can take both capsules together or split the serving by taking one in the morning and one in the early afternoon. eudopa is not a stimulant, but some people may feel more alert or focused after taking it, so we recommend avoiding it close to bedtime.

Is eudopa vegan, and does it contain any allergens?

Yes. eudopa is made without animal-derived ingredients and is suitable for vegans.

It does contain soy because its phosphatidylserine is derived from soy lecithin. Anyone with a soy allergy should avoid taking eudopa.

Can I take eudopa with caffeine?

Yes, eudopa is caffeine-free and contains no stimulants.

Can I take eudopa alongside prescription medications?

We recommend consulting your healthcare provider before adding any supplement to your routine if you are currently taking prescription medications. This is particularly important if you:

  • Take blood thinners
  • Take dopaminergic or cholinergic drugs
  • Have hypertonia of the parasympathetic nervous system

Your healthcare provider is the right resource for guidance specific to your health situation.

Does eudopa have any side effects?

The ingredients in eudopa are generally well tolerated when taken as directed. However, some people may experience side effects such as headaches or digestive discomfort.

Taking eudopa with food may help if you have a sensitive stomach. If side effects persist or you experience an allergic reaction, stop use and consult your healthcare provider.

What if eudopa isn’t right for me?

eudopa is backed by our 60-day money-back guarantee. This gives you time to take it consistently and decide whether it is right for you.

If you are not satisfied, email us at support@neurovesa.com within 60 days of your purchase and we will issue a refund. No questions asked, and no need to send the bottle back.

  • 5 stars: 69 (96%)
  • 4 stars: 1 (1%)
  • 3 stars: 2 (3%)
  • 2 stars: 0 (0%)
  • 1 star: 0 (0%)
D
Derrick S.
I started using eudopa™ during a really difficult time in my life

I started using eudopa™ during a really difficult time in my life. I was in a deep depressive state that affected everything—my motivation, my work, and my ability to function day to day.

Around the same time, I began a new career as an independent insurance agent, where staying active and engaged is essential. At my lowest point, I could barely get myself out of the house.

I can’t say with certainty that eudopa™ is responsible for all the changes I’ve noticed, but since starting it, I’ve been more engaged with my work, doing more around the house, and feeling a subtle but real shift mentally. I still experience fatigue by mid-day, but something has changed enough that I want to stay on this product long term and continue observing the results.

R
Robin L.
Please Don't Buy Eudopa (I'm Running Low)

I'm about to make a terrible business decision.
I'm going to tell you about a supplement that's become genuinely essential to my daily function. And I'm begging you not to buy it.
Here's my problem: I work 16-hour days in software engineering. I burn through 6 billion tokens per month building AI products. Just me. That's not a typo. Billion, with a B. One person.
This workload requires a brain that shows up consistently. Not occasionally sharp. Not "good after coffee." Consistently firing.
Eudopa does something I haven't found elsewhere. It creates this baseline of cognitive clarity that doesn't spike and crash. No jitters. No afternoon fog where I'm staring at a pull request like it's written in hieroglyphics.

Why I'm Asking You to Look Away
The supplement industry has a supply chain problem most people don't think about. When something actually works, word spreads. Stock depletes. Suddenly you're refreshing a website at 2am hoping for a restock notification.
So when I say Eudopa has become non-negotiable for my workflow, understand what I'm risking by telling you.

The Actual Effect
The stack is straightforward: 500mg citicoline, 250mg blueberry extract, 100mg phosphatidylserine. Nothing exotic. But execution matters more than novelty. Dosing matters. What your body actually absorbs versus what passes through matters.

What I notice: sustained focus without the artificial edge. I can context-switch between code review and architecture decisions without that mental friction that usually costs me 20 minutes of re-orientation.

The difference is especially obvious on hour 14. That's when most stimulants have abandoned you. That's when willpower alone isn't enough. Eudopa keeps the lights on.

My Actual Request
Look, I know reverse psychology is obvious. You're going to buy it anyway now. That's fine.
Just... maybe wait until I've secured my next three months of supply?
I've got products to ship.

C
Curtis B.
Trusted product and honest business. 5 star+

After only a few doses I definitely noticed the subtle improvements in my focus, memory, and mental clarity. This change may seem small at first but has lasting benefits as my productivity at both work and home has increased which results in better mental health and overall quality of life. The ingredients and manufacturing process has been well researched. If you are looking for a product that is evidence based with the backing of honest business men then I would highly recommend Eudopa!

K
K.
Part of my daily supplement regime

I take eudopa as part of my daily supplement regime and find it very effective for mood and focus. It's affordable and clinically dosed, which gives me confidence in the product

C
Christine

Unreal results for focus and feeling overall calm and happy

T
Taylor W.
I tried the product for a couple weeks but i need to take it for a longer period to see if i notice

I tried the product for a couple weeks but i need to take it for longer period to see if i notice the positive impacts. I didn't notice any side effects so i am hopeful I will notice increased focus over time.

C
Christine S.
Amazing product

I’ve been using Eudopa for about two years- I’ve seen a great increase in focus, memory and mood. I’ve started my parents and other family members as I think it’s so great

A
Anonymous
Worth it

I've been using eudopa for 6-months and my experience has been positive. I started to use it to help recover from a TBI and I have noticed differences cognitively if I forget to take it. I will continue to take it as it has had positive improvements to my injury and am noticing the benefits it has to offer with cognitive enhancement.

J
Judith M.
I find it helps with memory and I appreciate the simple ingredients

I find it helps with memory and I appreciate the simple ingredients, without additives .

C
Corinne W.
My Brain Fog Felt Noticeably Lighter

I found that the eudopa really helped me retain my thoughts and feel more mentally organized. My mind didn’t feel like it had 20 different things racing around at the same time. I also noticed I wasn’t blurting things out during conversations (so I wouldn’t forget them), which was a big improvement for me.
Overall, my brain fog felt noticeably lighter. I truly believe that if I hadn't let myself run out of eudopa, I would have kept improving.

A
Anonymous
Great product and excellent customer

Great product and excellent customer service

J
Joyce H.
I'm not really sure of any improvements in Focus

I'm not really sure of any improvements in Focus ,memory or Clarity.

C
Caroline

Fantastic brain health supplement I have been using for the past year 5/5

A
AljunL
Best in the game. U

Unreal product. Ingredient profile is next level! Definitely a mandatory supplement in the stack for great Cognitive function and mood.

A
Anonymous
Great science

Unlike a lot of the supplements on the market this product is backed with science with cited sources, always refreshing to see!

A
Anonymous
Less brain fog

Brain fog and clarity can be so subjective. But since taking Europa

A
Andy M.
LOVE This Supplement! - Amateur Muay Thai Fighter

I've been using this product now for about 30 days straight and can confidently say that this is the best natural brain stim product I've used to date. I have an amateur Muay Thai kickboxing fight right around the corner and during fight camp, it's extremely important during my training sessions that I feel mentally sharp.

I've noticed over time taking Eudopa that my focus and reaction time has been boosted. The blueberry extract is a huge selling point for me or fighters in general as this supplementation has huge benefits in keeping your brain sharper for longer.

Most importantly, having a long listed stack of CDP-Choline, Creatine, Blueberry Extract, Vitamin B2, NAC, Omega-3 and Magnesium all work together to help prevent concussions as during a fight camp, there are quite a bit of fight simulation (sparring) sessions that take place.

The fact that I get all of the listed benefits above by simply taking x2 pills per day makes this supplement a no brainer. Not to mention, one bottle will last you 2 months!

5/5.

N
Nfranke
After taking Eudopa for almost a month now...

After taking Eudopa for almost a month now, I am seeing huge improvement in wakefulness and general energy/focus. I often felt lethargic during the day.

I would definitely recommend Eudopa to my friends and family if they struggle with fatigue/lethargy. I am getting more done now than I have for a long time.

D
Dylan
Great product

Great product. Mental clarity and energy was astounding. Would absolutely recommend this product.

A
Anonymous
I started taking it about a week ago daily and believe I can already stay focus better

I started taking it about a week ago daily and believe I can already stay focus better.

V
V.M.P.

Great new product out of Canada, definitely feeling it's effective formula , works well with caffeine as well

A
Anonymous
So far so good

I have only been taking this supplement for two weeks - no side effects and better able to focus.

Glad you're enjoying Wendy! The benefits only get better with time!

A
Alex M.
Likes: Improved focus, Reduced stress, Fixed my brain fog, Helps protect my brain long term, Helped with my memory
Likely to recommend::
0 (Not at all likely)
5 (I will definitely be recommending)
You should probably read this

I’ve tried a lot of supplements over the years, and it’s honestly hard to find companies that actually care about doing things right. Most are just trying to take your money while giving you as little as possible—using clever label tricks, underdosing ingredients, and inflating prices just to boost their margins.

That’s what makes NeuroVesa so refreshing.

These are two local Saskatchewan guys, who I've now met since they often hand deliver the supplements themselves (always on time if not early), and they are genuinely trying to do things differently. They’re not cutting corners, they’re using actual clinical doses in their formulas (which is rare), which means I'm finally getting a supplement that actually does what it claims. And they’re doing everything they can to keep costs fair, even though that makes things a lot harder for them as a startup.

When you buy from them, you’re not just getting a (very) well formulated product, you’re supporting a business that’s pushing back against the big players who prioritize profit over people. It feels good to know my money is going toward something that’s actually helping others and backing two good humans who are hustling to do things the right way. Highly recommend, especially if your values include your health, supporting good people, supporting local, or pushing back against companies and industries that just see you as a dollar sign.

Thanks for the review Alex!

V
V.M.P.

This is great, waited a good amount of time to submit this review, some days i take it and some I don't, but I still feel it's still working, great product, definitely ordering more

S
Sarah C.
Didn’t know I needed this!

I have been taking NeuroVesa for a few months now, and only when I started taking it did I realize I was missing it! I have adhd and it has improved my ability to focus and I don’t get an afternoon crash the way I used to. Loving the way this has improved my day to day life.

Glad you're enjoying eudopa Sarah!

R
R.P.
Subtle feeling at first but picks up over time

Been using the product for about 4 weeks now and am really like it so far. Its definately a subtle feeling at first but it picks up over time. Feel like I have way more energy and can drop into focus easier. I find it works best if you have it with coffee in the morning.

eudopa is a natural health product licensed by Health Canada, NPN 80128279. Licensed claims: “Source of/Provides antioxidants. Helps support cognitive health and/or brain function.” This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Read the label and follow the directions.

The references below report research on individual ingredients, not on the finished eudopa formula, and the studied preparations and doses may differ from those in eudopa. Individual results may vary.

As with any supplement, consult a health-care practitioner if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking medication.

1

McGlade E, Locatelli A, Hardy J, Kamiya T, Morita M, Morishita K, Sugimura Y, Yurgelun-Todd D. Improved attentional performance following citicoline administration in healthy adult women. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2012;3(6):769–773. doi:10.4236/fns.2012.36103

2

Nakazaki E, Mah E, Sanoshy K, Citrolo D, Watanabe F. Citicoline and memory function in healthy older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Nutrition. 2021;151(8):2153–2160. doi:10.1093/jn/nxab119

3

Silveri MM, Dikan J, Ross AJ, Jensen JE, Kamiya T, Kawada Y, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR in Biomedicine. 2008;21(10):1066–1075. doi:10.1002/nbm.1281

4

Wurtman RJ, Regan M, Ulus I, Yu L. Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000;60(7):989–992. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00436-6

5

McMaster CR. From yeast to humans — roles of the Kennedy pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. FEBS Letters. 2018;592(8):1256–1272. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12919

6

Fagone P, Jackowski S. Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2013;1831(3):523–532. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.009

7

Knott V, de la Salle S, Choueiry J, et al. Neurocognitive effects of acute choline supplementation in low, medium and high performer healthy volunteers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2015;131:119–129. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.02.004

8

Kato-Kataoka A, Sakai M, Ebina R, Nonaka C, Asano T, Miyamori T. Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 2010;47(3):246–255. doi:10.3164/jcbn.10-62

9

Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MPJ, Ponds RWHM, Verhey FRJ, Jolles J, Riedel WJ. The influence of soy-derived phosphatidylserine on cognition in age-associated memory impairment. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2001;4(2):121–134. This randomized trial did not find significant cognitive differences versus placebo. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2001.11747356

10

Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss KR, Weiss M. Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2008;11(3):103–110. doi:10.1179/147683008X301478

11

Benton D, Donohoe RT, Sillance B, Nabb S. The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2001;4(3):169–178. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2001.11747360

12

Hellhammer J, Fries E, Buss C, Engert V, Tuch A, Rutenberg D, Hellhammer DH. Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress. Stress. 2004;7(2):119–126. Tested a phosphatidylserine/phosphatidic-acid complex. doi:10.1080/10253890410001728379

13

Hellhammer J, Vogt D, Franz N, Freitas U, Rutenberg D. A soy-based phosphatidylserine/phosphatidic acid complex (PAS) normalizes the stress reactivity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis in chronically stressed male subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2014;13:121. Tested a phosphatidylserine/phosphatidic-acid complex; favourable hormonal findings were in the high-chronic-stress subgroup. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-121

14

Monteleone P, Maj M, Beinat L, Natale M, Kemali D. Blunting by chronic phosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992;42:385–388. Early study using high-dose bovine-derived phosphatidylserine and exercise stress. doi:10.1007/BF00280123

15

Kim HY, Huang BX, Spector AA. Phosphatidylserine in the brain: metabolism and function. Progress in Lipid Research. 2014;56:1–18. Review of endogenous phosphatidylserine membrane biology. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.002

16

Whyte AR, Cheng N, Fromentin E, Williams CM. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to compare the safety and efficacy of low dose enhanced wild blueberry powder and wild blueberry extract (ThinkBlue™) in maintenance of episodic and working memory in older adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):660. Tested WBE111, a proprietary 100 mg extract; the favourable episodic-memory finding was observed at three months but not at six. doi:10.3390/nu10060660

17

Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, Kalt W, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010;58(7):3996–4000. Nine-participant juice pilot compared against a companion placebo trial. doi:10.1021/jf9029332

18

McNamara RK, Kalt W, Shidler MD, McDonald J, Summer SS, Stein AL, Stover AN, Krikorian R. Cognitive response to fish oil, blueberry, and combined supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging. 2018;64:147–156. The memory finding was in the blueberry-only group; the combined blueberry and fish-oil group did not show the expected benefit. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.003

19

Wood E, Hein S, Mesnage R, et al. Wild blueberry (poly)phenols can improve vascular function and cognitive performance in healthy older individuals: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2023;117(6):1306–1319. Used 26 g/day whole wild-blueberry powder providing 302 mg anthocyanins, substantially more than eudopa’s daily serving. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.017

20

Miller MG, Hamilton DA, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B. Dietary blueberry improves cognition among older adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition. 2018;57(3):1169–1180. Used 24 g/day whole-berry powder, about one cup of fresh blueberries; favourable findings were on selected measures. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1400-8

21

Bowtell JL, Aboo-Bakkar Z, Conway ME, Adlam ALR, Fulford J. Enhanced task-related brain activation and resting perfusion in healthy older adults after chronic blueberry supplementation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2017;42(7):773–779. The primary positive findings were brain-perfusion and activation imaging measures. doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0550

22

Rodriguez-Mateos A, Rendeiro C, Bergillos-Meca T, Tabatabaee S, George TW, Heiss C, Spencer JPE. Intake and time dependence of blueberry flavonoid-induced improvements in vascular function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013;98(5):1179–1191. Acute crossover studies in healthy men measuring flow-mediated dilation over hours. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.066639